236 Belz, Equality Transformed,p. 66-67; Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting(New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 417; Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White,p. 492.

237 Martinez in Miami Herald,12 October 1988, cited in Raymond Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?: The Official English Language Movement and the American States(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), p. 99.

238 Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?,p. 1-2.

239 Unamuno quoted in Carlos Alberto Montaner, "Talk English—You Are in the United States", in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties(Chicago: University of Chicago

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Press, 1992), p. 164; Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966).

240 Immigration and Nationality Act, Title III, Chapter 2, Section 312, (8 U.S.C. 1423).

241 42 U. S. С 1973b (f), Pub. L. 94-73, 89 Stat. 400; Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?,p. 105; James Crawford, Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of "English Only"(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992), p. 272, n. 13; Washington Post,14 November 2002, p. T3; Chicago Sun-Times,2 May 1996, p. 29, 5 August 2002, p. 1.

242 Asian American Business Group v. City of Pomonain Crawford, Language Loyalties,p. 284-287; Wall Street Journal,21 August 1995, p. AS; Alexander v. Sandoval,532 U.S. 275 (2001), New York Times,25 April 2001, p. A14.

243 Ruiz, et al. v. Hull, et al.,191 Ariz. 441, 957 P.2d 984 (1998); cert. denied, 11 January 1999.

244 Edward M. Chen, "Language Rights in the Private Sector" in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties,p. 276-77.

245 James Crawford, Bilingual Education: History, Politics, Theory, and Practice(Trenton :Crane, 1989), p. 33; J. Stanley Pottinger, Office for Civil Rights, memorandum, 25 May 1970; Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools,351 F. supp. 1279 (1972); Lau v. Nichols,414 U.S. 563 (1974).

246 Crawford, Bilingual Education,p. 39; William J. Bennett, "The Bilingual Education Act: A Failed Path", in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties,p. 361.

247 Time, 8 July 1985, p. 80-81.

248 Scheuer quoted in Bennett, "The Bilingual Education Act: A Failed Path" in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties,p. 361.

249 Badillo quoted in New York Post,17 October 2000, p. 16.

250 Carol Schmid, "The English Only Movement: Social Bases of Support and Opposition among Anglos and Latinos", in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties,p. 202.

251 Jack Citrin, Donald Philip Green, Beth Reingold, Evelyn Walters, "The 'Official English' Movement", and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the United States", Western Political Quarterly,43 (September 1990), p. 540-41; Camilo Perez-Bustillo, "What Happens When English Only Comes To

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Town?: A Study of Lowell "Massachusetts", in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 191-201.

252 Citrin et. al., "The 'Official English' Movement", p. 548-52; Zogby International poll, 15-17 November and 10-13 December 1998.

253 Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?,p. 85-88.

254 Ibid.,p.114-122.

255 Ibid.,p. 136-148,150-160.

256 Geoffrey Nunberg, "Linguists and the Official Language Movement", Language,65 (September 1989), p. 581.

257 Boston Globe,6 November 2002, p. A1.

258 Rocky Mountain News,6 November 2002, p. 29A; Boston Globe,10 November 2002, p. 10.

259 Schmid, "The English Only Movement", in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties,p. 203-5; Max J. Castro, "On the Curious Question of Language in Miami" in Ibid., p. 179; Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans: The Ambivalent Minority(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 285; Jack Citrin, "Language Politics and American Identity", The Public Interest,99 (Spring 1990), p. 104.