214 Horace Kallen, quoted in Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 143-144; Michael Walzer, What It Means To Be An American(New York: Marsilio, 1992), p. 62.

215 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America(New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1992), p.43; Nathan Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalists Now(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).

216 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy(New York: Harper, 1944), p. 4.

217 Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Lecture on the Times", in Emerson, Prose Works(Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1870), vol. l,p. 149.

218 Andrew Kull, The Color-Blind Constitution(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 1-2, 146-148; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Protection of the

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Laws in Higher Education, 1960(Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 148.

219 Senator Hubert Humphrey, 110 Congressional Record,1964, p. 6548-49, quoted in Edward J. Erler, "The Future of Civil Rights: Affirmative Action Redivivus", Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy,11 (1997), p. 26.

220 Kull, Color-Blind Constitution,p. 202; Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Erea: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 150; Herman Belz, Equality Transformed: A Quarter Century of Affirmative Action(New Brunswick: Translation, 1991), p. 25; Nathan Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, 1964-1982(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 162.

221 Bayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement", Commentary,39 (Feb. 1965), p. 27; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas,p. 161-162.

222 Graham, Civil Rights Era,p. 250; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas,p. 262; Kull, Color-Blind Constitution,p. 200-203, quoting Labor Department regulations.

223 Kull, Color-Blind Constitution,p. 204-205; Belz, Equality Transformed,p. 51, 55

224 Kull, Color-Blind Constitution,p. 214-16.

225 Jack Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", The Public Interest,122 (Winter 1996), p. 46; Seymour Martin Lipset, "Affirmative Action and the American Creed", Wilson Quarterly,16 (Winter 1992), p. 59.

226 Richard Kahlenberg, "Bob Dole's Colorblind Injustice", Washington Post National Weekly Edition,10-16 June 1996, p. 24; Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible(New York: Simon Schuster, 1997), p. 452; New York Times,1 June 2001, p. A17.

227 Lieberman quoted in New York Times,10 March 1995, p. A16; John Fonte, "Why There Is A Culture War: Gramsci and Tocqueville in America", Policy Review,104 (December 2000 and January 2001), p. 21.

228 Connerly quoted in Fonte, "Why There Is A Culture War", p. 21; Ward Connerly, Creating Equal: My Fight

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Against Race Preferences(San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), p. 228.

229 Seymour Martin Lipset, "Equal Chances versus Equal Results", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,523 (September 1992), p. 66-67.

230 Lipset, "Affirmative Action and the American Creed", p. 58; Washington Post,11 October 1995, p. A11; Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", p. 43; William Raspberry, "What Actions are Affirmative?" Washington Post National Weekly Edition,28 August-3 September, 1995, p. 28; Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", p. 41.

231 Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", p. 43.

232 Ibid.; Boston Globe,30 April 1997, p. A19.

233 Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White,p. 437; City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company,488 U.S. 469 (1989).

234 Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White,p. 456-459.

235 Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation /Harvard University, "Race and Ethnicity in 2001: Attitudes, Perceptions, and Experiences", (August 2001); Princeton Survey Research Associates poll, January 2003; Jennifer Barrett, "NewsweekPoll: Bush Loses Ground", Newsweek,14 February 2003, online; Jonathan Chait, "Pol Tested", New Republic,3 February 2003, p. 14.